Technologies for water Augmentation

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Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in West Asia

www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/TechPublications/TechPub-8f/index.asp

----- TABLE OF CONTENTS -----

FOREWORD

PART A - INTRODUCTION

1. Freshwater Resources in West Asia
2. Rationale for Developing Source Book
3. Objectives of Source Book
4. Methodology Used to Prepare Source Book
5. Contents of Source Book
6. Conclusions
7. Recommendations

PART B – TECHNOLOGY PROFILES

1. Technologies for Supplementing Freshwater Supply
1.1. Rainwater Harvesting: Microcatchment Systems
1.1.1. Rainwater Harvesting from Residential Rooftops
1.1.2. Greenhouse Rainwater Harvesting
1.1.3. Rainwater Harvesting in the Field
1.2. Harvesting of Surface Runoff Water
1.3. Artificial Groundwater Recharge
1.4. Groundflow Collection Through Underground Structures
1.5. Pumping of Groundwater Using Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
1.5.1. Wind Energy
1.5.2. Solar Energy
1.5.3. Water Energy
1.6. Water Conveyance
1.6.1. Water Conveyance by Pipelines
1.6.2. Water Conveyance by Open Channels
1.6.3. Water Conveyance by Tanker Trucks
1.7 Cloud Seeding
2. Water Quality Improvement Technology
2.1 Water Desalination Technologies
2.1.1. Distillation Desalination (DD)
2.1.2. Reverse Osmosis Desalination (RO)
2.1.3. Electro Dialysis Desalination (ED)
2.2. Water Softening
2.3. Purification of Dam Water for Drinking Purposes
2.4. Disinfection
2.4.1. Chlorine Disinfection
2.4.2. Ozone Disinfection
2.4.3. Ultra Violet Radiation Disinfection
2.5. Water Treatment
2.5.1. Wastewater Treatment
2.5.2. Industrial Effluent Treatment
2.6 Water Reuse
2.6.1. Reuse of Treated Water
2.6.2. Subsurface Drainage Technology

PART C - CASE STUDIES

1. Rainwater Harvesting at Mahassa Area, Syria
2. Hill Reservoirs in Lebanon
3. Water Harvesting in Wadi Al-Mwaqquar, Jordan
4. Wadi Zikt Dam for Artificial Recharge
5. Aflaj Systems in Oman
6. Reuse of Wastewater in Bahrain
7. Seawater Desalination in Kuwait, Using Multi-Stage Flash Evaporation Technology
8. Wastewater Treatment Using Water Hyacinth in Iraq
9. Wastewater Treatment Using Overland Flow Technology
10. Water Conservation Technology (Ceramics)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF MEASUREMENT UNITS

PROFILES

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Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean

www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/begin.htm#Contents

This Source Book will also be issued as a volume in the IETC Technical Publication Series by UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka/Shiga, Japan, 1997.

Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment
General Secretariat, Organization of American States
Washington, D.C., 1997



Table of Contents


Preface
List of acronyms
Part A. Introduction
1. Background
2. Objectives
3. Organization of the source book
4. How to use the source book
5. Survey methodology
6. Summary of the findings
7. Recommendations

Part B. Technology profiles
1. Freshwater augmentation technologies
1.1 Rainwater harvesting from rooftop catchments
1.2 Rainwater harvesting in situ
1.3 Fog harvesting
1.4 Runoff collection from paved and unpaved roads
1.5 Runoff collection using surface and underground structures
1.6 Flow diversion structures technical description
1.7 Water conveyance by marine vessels
1.8 Water conveyance by pipelines, aqueducts, and water tankers
1.9 Artificial recharge of aquifers
1.10 Pumps powered by non-conventional energy sources

2. Water quality improvement technologies
2.1 Desalination by reverse osmosis
2.2 Desalination by distillation
2.3 Clarification using plants and plant material
2.4 Disinfection by boiling and chlorination
2.5 Filtration systems

3. Wastewater treatment technologies and reuse
3.1 Wastewater treatment technologies
3.2 Wastewater reuse

4. Water conservation
4.1 Raised beds and waru waru cultivation
4.2 Small-scale clay pot and porous capsule irrigation
4.3 Automatic surge flow and gravitational tank irrigation systems
4.4 Dual water distribution
4.5 Other water conservation practices

Part C. Case studies
5.1 Rainwater harvesting in Honduras
5.2 Fog harvesting in Chile
5.3 Underground dams in Brazil
5.4 Seawater/brackish water desalination by reverse osmosis in the British Virgin Islands
5.5 Recycling of industrial effluent in Jamaica
5.6 Treated wastewater reuse scheme in Barbados
5.7 Clay pot and porous capsule irrigation in Brazil

Part D. Annexes
Annex 1. Acknowledgments
Annex 2 List of participants in the Lima and Barbados workshop

A. List of participants in the Lima workshop (19-22 September 1995)
B. List of participants in the Barbados workshop (24-27 October 1995)

Annex 3 Contributions by workshop participants

A. Workshop on alternative technologies for freshwater augmentation in Latin America
B. Workshop on alternative technologies for freshwater augmentation in the Caribbean

Annex 4 Table of conversion factors for metric and english units

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Proceedings of the Workshop on Adopting, Applying and Operating Environmentally Sound Technologies for Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Treatment for the Wider Caribbean Regionegion

www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr43en/index.html