Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes
www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/wqmonitor/begin.htm#ContentsTable of Contents
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FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 Elements of a water quality monitoring programme
1.2 Monitoring for management
1.3 Monitoring and assessment
Chapter 2 - WATER QUALITY
2.1 Characteristics of surface waters
2.2 Characteristics of groundwater
2.3 Natural processes affecting water quality
2.4 Water use and water quality deterioration
2.5 Water and human health
2.6 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 3 - DESIGNING A MONITORING PROGRAMME
3.1 Purpose of monitoring
3.2 The need for information for management
3.3 Objectives of water quality monitoring
3.4 Preliminary surveys
3.5 Description of the monitoring area
3.6 Selecting sampling sites
3.7 Selecting sampling stations
3.8 Monitoring media and variables
3.9 Frequency and timing of sampling
3.10 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 4 - RESOURCES FOR A MONITORING PROGRAMME
4.1 Laboratory facilities
4.2 Transport
4.3 Staffing
4.4 Human resources development and training
4.5 Communication
4.6 Inventory of sampling stations
4.7 Schedules for sampling expeditions
4.8 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 5 - FIELD WORK AND SAMPLING
5.1 Sample containers
5.2 Types of sample
5.3 Water samplers
5.4 Manual sampling procedures
5.5 Recording field observations
5.6 Sample preservation
5.7 Transportation and storage of samples
5.8 Reception of samples by the laboratory
5.9 Safety during field work
5.10 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 6 - FIELD TESTING METHODS
6.1 Temperature
6.2 Transparency
6.3 pH
6.4 Conductivity (or specific conductance)
6.5 Dissolved oxygen
6.6 Thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms
6.7 Quality assurance in the field
6.8 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 7 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES
7.1 Preparation and use of chemical reagents
7.2 Alkalinity
7.3 Aluminium
7.4 Biochemical oxygen demand
7.5 Chemical oxygen demand
7.6 Boron
7.7 Calcium
7.8 Chloride
7.9 Chlorophyll a
7.10 Fluoride
7.11 Iron
7.12 Magnesium
7.13 Manganese
7.14 Nitrogen, ammonia
7.15 Nitrogen, Kjeldahl
7.16 Nitrogen, nitrate
7.17 Nitrogen, nitrite
7.18 Phosphorus
7.19 Potassium
7.20 Selenium
7.21 Reactive silica
7.22 Sodium
7.23 Sulphate
7.24 Total dissolved solids
7.25 Total suspended solids
7.26 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 8 - ADVANCED INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
8.1 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)
8.2 Gas chromatography
8.3 Flame photometry
8.4 Total, organic and inorganic carbon
8.5 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 9 - ANALYTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE
9.1 Quality assurance
9.2 Internal quality control
9.3 External quality control
9.4 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 10 - MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
10.1 Characteristics of indicator organisms
10.2 Selecting a bacteriological analytical technique
10.3 Multiple fermentation tube technique
10.4 Membrane filter technique
10.5 Quality assurance
10.6 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 11 - BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
11.1 Selection of appropriate methods and organisms
11.2 Ecological methods
11.3 Measurement of chlorophyll a
11.4 Physiological techniques
11.5 Controlled biotests
11.6 Contaminants in biological tissues
11.7 Site selection and sampling frequency
11.8 Quality assurance
11.9 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 12 - HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
12.1 Rivers
12.2 Lakes and reservoirs
12.3 Mass flux computation
12.4 Groundwater
12.5 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 13 - SEDIMENT MEASUREMENTS
13.1 Types of sediment transport
13.2 Sediment measurement
13.3 Sampling for sediment
13.4 Measuring suspended sediment
13.5 Sediment quality
13.6 Source literature and further reading
Chapter 14 - USE AND REPORTING OF MONITORING DATA
14.1 Quality assurance of data
14.2 Data handling and management
14.3 Basic statistical analysis
14.4 Use of data and the need for supporting information
14.5 Simple graphical presentation of results
14.6 Reporting
14.7 Recommendations
14.8 Source literature and further reading
Appendix 1 - PORTABLE FIELD KITS
BACK COVER